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Historically Houston has had a significant African American population. Desegregation in Houston politics, by the 1970s, was underway. By 2010 many African-Americans had achieved federal representation, and a black man once served as the Mayor of Houston. As of 2010, John B. Strait and Gang Gong, authors of "Ethnic Diversity in Houston, Texas: The Evolution of Residential Segregation in the Bayou City, 1990–2000," stated that of all of the minority groups in Houston, African-Americans are the most segregated from non-Hispanic whites.〔Strait, John B ; Gong, Gang. "Ethnic Diversity in Houston, Texas: The Evolution of Residential Segregation in the Bayou City, 1990–2000." ''Population Review'', 2010, Vol.49(1). cited: p. 58.〕 ==History== Thousands of enslaved African-Americans lived near the city before the Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. In 1860, 49% of the city's population was enslaved. From the 1870s to the 1890s, black people were almost 40% of Houston's population. Between 1910 and 1970 the black population ranged from 21% to 32.7%.〔Treviño, Robert R. ''The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston''. UNC Press Books, February 27, 2006. (29 ). Retrieved from Google Books on November 22, 2011. ISBN 0-8078-5667-3, ISBN 978-0-8078-5667-3.〕 The Houston Riot of 1917 was a riot of black U.S. soldiers stationed in Houston. African Americans in Houston were left to the mercies of the predominantly white state legislature and city council, and were politically disenfranchised during the Jim Crow era; whites had used a variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social supremacy throughout the South.〔Woodward, C. Vann and McFeely, William S. ''The Strange Career of Jim Crow''. 2001, p. 6〕 There were about 34,000 African-Americans in Houston in the 1920s, and in the 1930s there were about 63,000 African-Americans.〔Steptoe, p. (211 ).〕 Texas Southern University students led the integration of Houston in the 1960s. Six months after their first sit-in, 70 Houston lunch counters were desegregated. The success of their continued efforts eventually led to the full integration of businesses within the city.〔http://articles.latimes.com/1998/feb/11/entertainment/ca-17755〕 In 1970, 90% of the black people in Houston lived in mostly African-American neighborhoods. By 1980 this decreased to 82%.〔Finkel, Adam N. ''Worst Things First?: The Debate Over Risk-Based National Environmental Priorities''. Resources for the Future, 1995. (249 ). Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-915707-76-4, ISBN 978-0-915707-76-8〕 Historically the City of Houston placed most of its landfill facilities in African-American neighborhoods. All of the landfills were established after the neighborhoods they were located in had been established as black communities. Private companies also located landfills in black neighborhoods. Between the early 1920s and the late 1970s the five municipal sanitary landfills were in black neighborhoods. During the same period, six of the eight municipal solid waste incinerators resided in mostly black neighborhoods. From 1970 to 1978 three of the four private landfills established during that period were located in Houston black neighborhoods.〔 Around that era African Americans made up around 25% of the city's population. Houston City Council, which decided where the landfills would be located, was entirely composed of white people until 1972.〔Gaventa, John, Barbara E. Smith, and Alex W. Willingham. ''Communities in Economic Crisis: Appalachia and the South''. Temple University Press, 1990. (196 ). Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-87722-650-4, ISBN 978-0-87722-650-5.〕 The political efforts and advocacy behind a 1979 federal lawsuit regarding one proposed landfill lead to political changes that ended the deliberate placement of landfills in black neighborhoods.〔〔Gaventa, John, Barbara E. Smith, and Alex W. Willingham. ''Communities in Economic Crisis: Appalachia and the South''. Temple University Press, 1990. (197 ). Retrieved from Google Books on October 6, 2011. ISBN 0-87722-650-4, ISBN 978-0-87722-650-5.〕 As of 1987 most African Americans in Houston continued to live in mostly inner-city black neighborhoods, even though they gained the legal right to move to a neighborhood of any race. A University of Chicago researcher said that this is because many African Americans choose to live in neighborhoods where they were raised.〔Greene, Andrea D. "(Residents of black areas cite reasons for not moving out )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Wednesday December 30, 1987. Section 1, Page 16. Retrieved on January 13, 2011.〕 Historically, the black community was very strongly concentrated in the inner-city of Houston but that has slowly changed since the 1980s.〔http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20110227-census-shows-black-population-expanding-in-houston-suburbs.ece〕 From the 1980 U.S. Census to the 1990 U.S. Census, many African Americans left traditional African-American neighborhoods such as the MacGregor area, Settegast, Sunnyside, and the Third Ward and entered parts of Southwest Houston, such as Alief, Fondren Southwest, Sharpstown, and Westwood.〔Rodriguez, Lori. "(Census tracks rapid growth of suburbia )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Sunday March 10, 1991. Section A, Page 1. Retrieved on October 23, 2011.〕 By of 2005 the outflow from traditional black neighborhoods, such as the Third Ward, Sunnyside, Kashmere Gardens, and the Fifth Ward continued, with blacks moving to Alief, other parts of Southwest Houston, Missouri City, and northwestern suburbs. Around 2005 blacks began to move to an area around Farm to Market Road 1960, in an unincorporated area in Harris County. In many traditional inner-city black neighborhoods, Mexicans and Latinos moved in their place.〔Rodriguez, Lori. "(SHIFTING DEMOGRAPHICS / Latinos bringing change to black neighborhoods / Newcomers are finding acceptance comes gradually )." ''Houston Chronicle''. Monday May 2, 2005. A1. Retrieved on February 4, 2009.〕 In addition to the New Great Migration, many blacks have moved to Houston for lower cost of living and job opportunities.〔http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2014/0316/Why-African-Americans-are-moving-back-to-the-South〕 The Houston metroplex gained approximately 233,000 African-Americans between 2000 and 2010. 〔http://www.governing.com/topics/economic-dev/gov-new-black-south.html〕 An additional 150,000 to 200,000 mostly black evacuees arrived in 2005 from the New Orleans metro after Hurricane Katrina, with many of them deciding to stay.〔http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/08/12/katrina.houston/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the African Americans in Houston」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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